When can the Development Team participate in Product Backlog refinement?

The Development Team can participate in Product Backlog refinement anytime during the Sprint. This is because backlog refinement is an ongoing process that helps ensure the Product Backlog remains relevant and is understood by the team. It is not limited to fixed points in time, such as the beginning or end of a Sprint or during Sprint Planning.

By involving the Development Team throughout the Sprint, they can provide valuable input on items that may need clarification, estimation, or prioritization adjustments. This collaboration fosters a shared understanding of the work to be done, enhances communication, and allows the team to be better prepared for future Sprints. Consequently, having refinement as a continuous activity align with the agile principle of adapting to changing requirements and proactively addressing issues as they arise, ensuring a smooth workflow and effective planning for upcoming iterations.